Technical writing on water technology.
The engineering behind our systems. From electrochemical activation to membrane selection — our technical answers to questions from the field.
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Why biofilm resists chlorine — and why raising the dose does not help
Surface-attached biofilm bacteria are 150 to 3,000 times more resistant to hypochlorous acid than free cells. We explain why increasing the dose is not the answer, using data from the peer-reviewed literature.
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On-site generation or bulk chemicals? An operating decision
The difference between producing disinfectant on site and buying it ready-made; a comparative evaluation in terms of safety, operating cost, continuity and efficacy.
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How is Legionella risk controlled in water lines?
Why does Legionella grow in hot-water lines and cooling towers, what is its relationship with biofilm, and how is it controlled with continuous disinfection? A technical explanation.
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What is that pool 'chlorine smell' actually a sign of?
The sharp chlorine smell and eye irritation in indoor pools is a sign not of too much chlorine but of combined chlorine (chloramines). The cause, and the on-site solution.
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Reverse osmosis or ultrafiltration? Choosing the right membrane
What is the difference between reverse osmosis (RO) and ultrafiltration (UF), which contaminant does each retain, and how is the right membrane chosen for your facility? A comparative guide.
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How does electrochemical activation (ECA) work?
How does ECA technology produce disinfectant from salt, water and electricity? The working principle of the electrolysis cell, the solutions produced, and the advantages of on-site generation.
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What is hypochlorous acid, and why is it more effective than chlorine?
What is hypochlorous acid (HOCl), how does it differ from sodium hypochlorite and chlorine gas, and why does it disinfect more strongly at the same chlorine level? A technical explanation.